: Esophageal atresia is a congenital medical condition of the esophagus. The manifestations of esophageal atresia include excessive oral secretions, vomiting and unexplained cyanosis after initial feeding. Complications of esophageal atresia are severe and can lead to poor prognosis and outcomes if left untreated. Nurses provide care for neonates before, during, and after surgical operation to prevent complications. Aim: This study aimed to assess nurses’ knowledge and practices regarding care of neonates undergoing esophageal atresia surgery. Research design: A descriptive study design was be used. Settings: The study was carried out at Neonatal Surgical Intensive Care Unit at Benha Specialized Pediatric Hospital that affiliated to Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population. Sampling: A convenient sample of all available nurses 60 nurse who are working at the previously mentioned setting, A purposive sample of 60 neonate with esophageal atresia. Tools of data collection: Two tools were used: Tool I: A structured interviewing questionnaire format consisted of 2 parts: Part 1, Characteristics of the studied nurses and neonates with esophageal atresia, medical data of studied neonates. Part 2, Nurses’ knowledge regarding esophageal atresia, care of neonates undergoing esophageal atresia surgery and discharge of health instructions about neonates undergoing esophageal atresia surgery. Tool II: Nurses’ observational checklists consisted of nurses’ practices regarding care of neonates undergoing esophageal atresia surgery pre, immediate, postoperative nursing care. Results: more than half 58.3% of them have poor total knowledge, slightly more than half 51.7% of the studied nurses have competent practice and there is a highly significant positive relation between total scores of nurses` knowledge and practice regarding care of neonates undergoing esophageal atresia surgery. Conclusion: There were a positive statistical correlation between total level of nurses’ knowledge and practices regarding care of neonates undergoing esophageal atresia surgery. Recommendation: Pediatric nurses should update their knowledge and practice through continuing training, educational programs and workshops concern the care of neonates undergoing esophageal atresia surgery.