Recognizing the respiratory tract as a dynamic and complex ecosystem has enhanced our understanding of the pathophysiology of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). There is widespread evidence showing that disease-predisposing factors often disrupt the respiratory microbial ecosystem, provoking atypical colonization patterns and a progressive dysbiosis. The ecological factors that shape the respiratory microbiota, and the influence of these complex communities on bovine respiratory health, are a rich area for research exploration. Here, we review the current status of understanding of the bovine respiratory microbiota, the factors that influence its development and stability, its role in maintaining mucosal homeostasis, and ultimately its contribution to bovine health and disease. Finally, we explore the limitations of current research approaches to the microbiome and discuss potential directions for future research …