Background: Pneumonia is the commonest single cause of childhood death under the age of five years in the developing countries. Anemia is the commonest ailment affecting health, socio-economic development and overall betterment of the mankind. Objective: Determination of the relationship between iron deficiency anemia and pneumonia in Egyptian children. Methods: This case-control study included 100 children aged 9-72 months, selected from Benha University Hospital and Shebin El-kom Educational Hospital from January to December 2014. Fifty had pneumonia and 50 age and sex matched controls. After taking informed verbal consents from the parents, our children were subjected to medical history taking, clinical examination and CBC. For children with hemoglobin