Abstract Stem cells are undifferentiated cells, under proper condit= ions they begin to develop into specialized tissues and organs and they are= self-sustaining can replicate themselves for long periods of time. They ca= n be obtained from embryos, amniotic fluid, Placental tissue, umbilical cor= d blood, fetal tissues and are also found in many adult tissues. Several gy= necological conditions are associated with abnormal endometrial proliferati= on, and it is possible that putative endometrial stem/progenitor cells may = play a role in the pathophysiology of diseases such as endometriosis, endom= etrial hyperplasia, endometrial cancer and adenomyosis. The presence of adu= lt stem cells in the uterus could lead to women being able to use their own= cells to repair pelvic floor prolapse. Further understanding of stem cell = recruitment and differentiation will have clinical implications in Asherman= 's syndrome. The ability to identify and characterize cervical stem cells i= s crucial for treating cervical cancer and human papilloma virus. The isola= tion of fetal mesenchymal stem cells from maternal blood has a role in non-= invasive prenatal diagnosis. Hematopoietic stem cells have been used to set= up therapeutic strategies for the treatment of ovarian and breast cancer. = The use of in utero Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be an alter= native to the postnatal transplantation for treatment of many diseases.