Distraction osteogenesis can result in high forces developing in the limb. To determine and control the
distraction forces (DF), a motorized distractor driven by feedback from DF was developed and used to
lengthen the tibiae of 6 sheep undergoing distraction osteogenesis. The forces were measured continually,
and, in 4 of the sheep, a force threshold was set, above which an increase in rate was initiated. The rate
kept increasing to a set limit if forces remained above the threshold; otherwise, the rate was decreased.
Radiographs were acquired biweekly, and muscle samples were analyzed from both the operated and
contralateral limbs upon termination of the experiment. Results demonstrated a drop in DF associated
with increased lengthening rate, attributed to separation of the callus as indicated by radiography. Histological
evidence of muscle damage generally correlated with higher DF levels. There was a significant
decrease in muscle fiber diameter in lengthened relative to contralateral limbs. Collectively, the results
demonstrated the use of a force-driven distraction system and support the need for considering force
data in regulating distraction rates to achieve optimal clinical outcomes.