Abstract
This study is of an exploratory nature as it seeks to explore the extent to which the
language of emotions in the banks’ annual reports is affected by the global financial
crisis (GFC). The language of emotions was analyzed using eight categories (trust, anticipation, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise and joy) in annual reports of 12 listed
banks from six countries in the Middle East area (namely, Jordan, Kingdom of Bahrain,
United Arab Emirates, Sultanate of Oman, Kuwait, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) from
2002 to 2017. The final data set consists of 192 bank-year observations. The study time
was divided into three periods (pre, during and post GFC). In addition, the study enriches accounting literature by being the first study to test Pollyanna hypothesis using
emotion analysis. The results of the study show that the percentage of emotional words
in banks’ annual reports (2002–2017) represents almost 22% on average. The trust,
anticipation and fear categories were the most affected than other emotional categories
during GFC. While the trust category decreased, both the fear and anticipation categories increased. Other findings of the study show that regardless of GFC, emotional
words of trust and anticipation categories in banks’ annual reports have dominated
the emotional words of the disgust and surprise categories. Therefore, Pollyanna hypothesis is supported. In contrast to the emotional words of the joy category in banks’
annual reports which has not dominated the sadness category. In this case, Pollyanna hypothesis is rejected.