Background: Neonatal mortality is a reflection of the effectiveness of obstetric and neonatal services in any particular community. Objectives: This study aimed at determining the incidence of neonatal mortality among cases admitted to Benha University Hospital NICU for the year 2013 and to determine its underlying factors. Material and methods: All the neonates admitted in year 2013 were included in the study; an approval from research ethics committee in Benha faculty of medicine was obtained. Data were collected from the files of the neonates in the Archive. Results: Results showed that neonatal mortality in year 2013 was 30.6%,The main cause of death was mainly respiratory failure 55.6%, followed by septic shock20.6%, then heart failure 15.9% and lastly asphyxia 7.9%. Number of factors appeared to be significantly accompanied with neonatal mortality like respiratory distress, prematurity, birth weight and mechanical ventilation.Conclusion: Neonatal mortality is still a significant problem among cases admitted to Benha University Hospital NICU, needing our attention.