Background: The role of nutrients and dietary factors in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) remains
unclear. Objectives: The primary objective was to evaluate the serum vitamin D level in children with a diagnosis of
ADHD. The secondary objective was to detect the effect of vitamin D supplementation on cognitive function in those with
vitamin D deficiency. Methods: A total of 50 children with ADHD and 40 healthy controls were included in the study. We
measured the serum level of vitamin D. Patients with vitamin D deficiency were subdivided into 2 groups: one with vitamin
D supplementation and the other without vitamin D supplementation. Further assessment and follow-up of children with
ADHD was done. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Conners’ Parent Rating Scale, and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for
Children were performed at baseline and follow-up in all cohorts with an ADHD diagnosis. Results: The diagnosis of
vitamin D deficiency was significantly greater in children with ADHD compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Children
with ADHD had significantly (P = 0.0009) lower values of serum vitamin D (17.23 ± 8.98) than the control group(31.47 ±
14.42). The group receiving vitamin D supplementation demonstrated improvement in cognitive function in the conceptual
level, inattention, opposition, hyperactivity, and impulsivity domains. Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation in children
with ADHD may improve cognitive function.